Calgary scientists have identified some of the most acidic natural water in the world in the Northwest Territories. The erosion of land and thawing of permafrost in the Smoking Hills Formation, attributed to climate change, is causing the release of toxic metals and highly acidic substances into nearby water bodies, potentially reaching the Arctic Ocean.
Research scientist Stephen Grasby from the Geological Survey of Canada visited the site on the north shore of the territory in both 2017 and 2023. He was astounded by the extent of toxicity and acidity present in the ponds surrounding the Smoking Hills. Grasby expressed admiration for the power of nature, stating that the acidic waters produced naturally surpass even the most toxic substances created by humans in industrial settings.
The phenomenon of extreme acidity in the water is due to toxic metals trapped in iron sulfide minerals, specifically pyrite, also known as “fool’s gold,” deposited underground around 85 million years ago during a period of intense volcanic activity in Arctic Canada. The exposure of pyrite to oxygen as a result of slumping has led to the release of significant amounts of metals and extreme heat into the surrounding water bodies.
During Grasby’s visits, he observed a significant transformation in the landscape with an increase in slumping activities. The ponds exhibited high acidity levels, resembling oil more than water, making it challenging for equipment to accurately measure the pH levels. The ground temperature around the water was too hot to measure, indicating temperatures exceeding the equipment’s capacity.
The thawing of permafrost, accelerated by climate change, is exacerbating the situation. Elliott Skierszkan from Carleton University highlighted the emerging issue of permafrost thaw impacting water quality, emphasizing the need for further research to understand and manage the implications on Northern water and aquatic ecosystems.
The potential environmental impacts of the Smoking Hills formation on the local Inuvialuit people and surrounding water bodies remain largely unknown. Concerns are raised about the leakage of metals into other water sources, affecting river ecosystems downstream. The presence of highly toxic metals, including cadmium levels far exceeding safe drinking guidelines, underscores the urgency for more comprehensive research on the Smoking Hills and the implications of climate change on this unique environment.